Footnotes

1. [1]

   In legal terminology, a declaration is a legal pleading identifying the cause of action. (“Declaration,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 1:293.)

   Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: T. and J. W. Johnson, 1839.

2. [2]

   Transcript of Proceedings, 6 Nov. 1838, JS for use of Granger v. Smalling and Coltrin (Geauga Co. C.P. 1838), Final Record Book V, p. 501, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH.

3. [3]

   Perkins & Osborn represented JS in at least four lawsuits in 1837 and continued to oversee litigation and to apprise him of outstanding debts after his departure from Kirtland in January 1838.a The original 30 September 1836 promissory note is apparently not extant. The due date of the note was not recorded in the court records, but the court proceedings imply that the period of repayment had elapsed by the end of February 1838.b

   (^a“Law Notice,” Painesville [OH] Telegraph, 21 Feb. 1834, [3]. ^bTranscript of Proceedings, 6 Nov. 1838, JS for use of Granger v. Smalling and Coltrin [Geauga Co. C.P. 1838], Final Record Book V, p. 501, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH.)

   Painesville Telegraph. Painesville, OH. 1822–1986.

4. [4]

   Notice, LDS Messenger and Advocate, June 1836, 2:336; Minutes, 16 June 1836; Quorums of the Seventy, “Book of Records,” 6 Apr. 1837, 17–19; 1830 U.S. Census, Strongsville, Cuyahoga Co., OH, 129.

   Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.

   Record of Seventies / First Council of the Seventy. “Book of Records,” 1837–1843. Bk. A. In First Council of the Seventy, Records, 1837–1885. CHL. CR 3 51, box 1, fd. 1.

   Census (U.S.) / U.S. Bureau of the Census. Population Schedules. Microfilm. FHL.

5. [5]

   Although the declaration mentions both goods purchased from JS and money lent by JS, these statements were formulaic and were included in most cases involving unpaid debts; they may not have reflected the transaction underlying the promissory note.

6. [6]

   The firm Rigdon, Smith & Cowdery purchased wholesale goods in New York in 1836. These goods were then sold by the firm Rigdon, Smith & Co. While the two firms were related, it is not clear whether Oliver Cowdery was a partner in both. Chester, Ohio, was around six miles south of Kirtland. (John Newbould, Invoice, Buffalo, NY, for Rigdon, Smith & Cowdery, 17 June 1836; Mead, Stafford & Co., Invoice, New York City, for Rigdon, Smith & Cowdery, 8 Oct. 1836, JS Office Papers, CHL; Rigdon, Smith & Co., Store Ledger, 1–5; “Mormonism in Ohio,” Aurora [New Lisbon, OH], 21 Jan. 1837, [3]; Notes Receivable from Rigdon, Smith & Co., 22 May 1837.)

   Aurora. New Lisbon, OH. 1835–1837.

7. [7]

   There is little documentation for the Kirtland store, and it is unknown whether it was operated by Rigdon, Smith & Co. or by JS alone. (Deed, 3 June 1841, in Lake Co., OH, Land Registry Records, bk. A, p. 513, CHL; Brigham Young, in Journal of Discourses, 8 Oct. 1855, 3:121.)

   Lake County, Ohio. Land Registry Records, 1840–1842. CHL.

   Journal of Discourses. 26 vols. Liverpool: F. D. Richards, 1855–1886.

8. [8]

   See, for example, Mortgage to Peter French, 5 Oct. 1836.

9. [9]

   Julius Granger was living in Willoughby, Ohio, in 1836 and remained in the area until at least 1840. No records indicate that he was a member of the church. (Julius Granger, Agreement with Jared Carter et al., 7 Oct. 1836, Lord Sterling Papers, Lake County Historical Society, Painesville, OH; Geauga Co., OH, Probate Court, Marriage Records, 1806–1920, vol. C, p. 374, microfilm 873,461, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL.)

   Lord Sterling. Papers, 1835–1850. Lake County Historical Society, Painesville, OH.

   U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

10. [10]

    “When a suit is brought in the name of one person for the use of another . . . the only object of naming the assignee in the suit, is to show who controls the suit, and to whom the officer may pay over the avails of the judgment.” (Swan, Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, 1:36.)

    Swan, Joseph R. The Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, in Ohio, and Precedents in Pleading, with Practical Notes; together with the Forms of Process and Clerks’ Entries. 2 vols. Columbus: Isaac N. Whiting, 1845.

11. [11]

    Transcript of Proceedings, 6 Nov. 1838, JS for use of Granger v. Smalling and Coltrin (Geauga Co. C.P. 1838), Final Record Book V, pp. 501–504, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH. The reason for Coltrin’s absence is not known; he may have been temporarily away from his home in Strongsville, Ohio, or he may have moved from the state.

12. [12]

    By 1838, Smalling no longer had any ties to the church. He had been a leader among the dissenters in Kirtland, many of whom opposed JS’s involvement in temporal affairs, and had been excommunicated from the church in late December 1837. No documentation indicates Coltrin’s standing in the church in 1838. (John Smith and Clarissa Lyman Smith, Kirtland, OH, to George A. Smith, Shinnston, VA, 1 Jan. 1838, George Albert Smith, Papers, CHL.)

    Smith, George Albert. Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322.

13. [13]

    See “Declaration,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 1:293–294.

    Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: T. and J. W. Johnson, 1839.

14. [14]

    In debt litigation, damages include not only the amount of unpaid promissory notes but also a penalty for nonpayment. (“Damages on Bills of Exchange,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 1:279.)

    Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; with References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: T. and J. W. Johnson, 1839.

15. [15]

    Swan, Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, 1:203, 216–217.

    Swan, Joseph R. The Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, in Ohio, and Precedents in Pleading, with Practical Notes; together with the Forms of Process and Clerks’ Entries. 2 vols. Columbus: Isaac N. Whiting, 1845.

16. [16]

    Swan, Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, 1:216–217, 217nA. In December 1834, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled on the case of Nichols v. Poulson, in which the plaintiff presented his case using language similar to what Perkins & Osborn used in the 7 May 1838 declaration. The Ohio court noted the different counts and stated, “There are several other distinct paragraphs, for other things [money owed], stated in the same manner. . . . All these paragraphs put together make but one count.” (Hammond, Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Ohio, 307.)

    Swan, Joseph R. The Practice in Civil Actions and Proceedings at Law, in Ohio, and Precedents in Pleading, with Practical Notes; together with the Forms of Process and Clerks’ Entries. 2 vols. Columbus: Isaac N. Whiting, 1845.

    Hammond, Charles. Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Ohio, in Bank, at December Terms, 1833, 1834. Vol. 6. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke, 1872.

17. [17]

    Smalling stated he had $1,500 in Kirtland Safety Society notes that could no longer be redeemed or circulated, and he wanted JS to repay the amount. Smalling was not alone in his demands for repayment. Others in northeastern Ohio believed JS and Rigdon should be held financially responsible for the unredeemed notes of the Safety Society. According to church member Samuel Tyler, a large group of Saints who traveled from Kirtland to Far West, Missouri, in summer 1838 was confronted in Willoughby and Mansfield, Ohio, by individuals who demanded payment for the Safety Society notes in their possession. (Transcript of Proceedings, 6 Nov. 1838, JS for use of Granger v. Smalling and Coltrin [Geauga Co. C.P. 1838], Final Record Book V, pp. 501–504, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH; Tyler, Journal, 16 July 1838, 11.)

    Tyler, Samuel D. Journal, July–Oct. 1838. CHL. MS 1761.

18. [18]

    On 8 November, Perkins & Osborn, acting on behalf of JS, notified the court of the attorneys’ intention to appeal the case to the Ohio Supreme Court, but it appears no appeal was made. (Geauga Co., OH, Court of Common Pleas, Journal N, p. 407, 8 Nov. 1838, Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH.)

    Geauga County Archives and Records Center, Chardon, OH.