Footnotes

1. [1]

   See Minutes and Discourse, 6–8 Apr. 1840.

2. [2]

   Minutes and Discourse, 6–8 Apr. 1840.

3. [3]

   Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, “History,” and Haïm Z’ew Hirshchberg, “Israel, Land of: History,” in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 9:239; 10:178.

   Encyclopedia Judaica. 16 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1971–1972.

4. [4]

   Rock, Haven of Liberty, 223; Rovner, In the Shadow of Zion, 15–16, 37. Although they did not always agree with his opinions, Latter-day Saints occasionally discussed Noah and reprinted articles from his newspaper, the New York Star, in the Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate and the Times and Seasons. (William W. Phelps, “Thou Shalt Not Lie,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, Dec. 1835, 2:230–233; “The Book of Jasher,” Times and Seasons, June 1840, 1:127.)

   Rock, Howard B. Haven of Liberty: New York Jews in the New World, 1654–1865. New York: New York University Press, 2012.

   Rovner, Adam. In the Shadow of Zion: Promised Lands before Israel. New York: New York University Press, 2014.

   Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.

   Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

5. [5]

   See Bonar and M’Cheyne, Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews, 149, 163, 520; and Ayerst, Jews of the Nineteenth Century, 212–213.

   Bonar, Andrew A., and Robert Murray M’Cheyne. A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1845.

   Ayerst, W. The Jews of the Nineteenth Century: A Collection of Essays, Reviews, and Historical Notices Originally Published in the “Jewish Intelligence.” London: B. Wertheim, 1848.

6. [6]

   See, for example, “Restoration of the Jews,” Christian Observer, 10 Sept. 1840, 145; “Missionary to the Jews,” New York Evangelist, 24 July 1830, 67; and “The Jews—the Prophecies—Palestine,” Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily Courier, 22 May 1839, [2].

   Christian Observer. Philadelphia. 1840–1861.

   New York Evangelist. New York City. 1830–1831.

   Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily Courier. Philadelphia. 1834–1841.

7. [7]

   Halper, “On the Way: The Transition of Jerusalem from a Ritual to Colonial City,” 11–12. Palestine was technically part of the Ottoman Empire during the 1830s but was governed by Egypt’s ruler, Muhammad (Mehmet) Ali Pasha, the semiautonomous monarch of Egypt.

   Halper, Jeff. “On the Way: The Transition of Jerusalem from a Ritual to Colonial City (1800–1917).” Urban Anthropology 13, no. 1 (Spring 1984): 1–32.

8. [8]

   Bonar and M’Cheyne, Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews, 164–165.

   Bonar, Andrew A., and Robert Murray M’Cheyne. A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1845.

9. [9]

   Sachar, History of the Jews, 249–250; Diner, Time for Gathering, 56–57.

   Sachar, Abram Leon. A History of the Jews. 2nd ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946.

   Diner, Hasia R. A Time for Gathering: The Second Migration, 1820–1880. The Jewish People in America 2. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

10. [10]

    That such information was circulating around the United States, including in Commerce, is evident from the July 1840 issue of the Times and Seasons, which reprinted an article about “a very extraordinary ‘Circular,’ issued by the Jews now residing at Jerusalem, and addressed to all the descendants of Abraham to the uttermost ends of the earth.” The circular recounted the efforts of Jews in Jerusalem to rebuild the city’s synagogues and other ancient Jewish structures and then invited other Jews to contribute to the effort. (“A Voice from the Holy City,” Times and Seasons, Aug. 1840, 1:157–159; see also “Restoration of the Jews,” Times and Seasons, 1 Dec. 1840, 2:232; and “The Jews,” Times and Seasons, 15 Feb. 1842, 3:691–693.)

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

11. [11]

    See, for example, Book of Mormon, 1837 ed., 40, 525–526, 556–557 [1 Nephi 15:19–20; 3 Nephi 20:32–34, 46; Mormon 5:14]; Minutes and Prayer of Dedication, 27 Mar. 1836 [D&C 109:62–64]; and Revelation, 3 Nov. 1831 [D&C 133:13].

12. [12]

    See Elias Higbee and Parley P. Pratt, “An Address,” Times and Seasons, Mar. 1840, 1:69.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

13. [13]

    Charles Olcott, “Latter Day Saints,” LDS Messenger and Advocate, May 1836, 2:315.

    Latter Day Saints’ Messenger and Advocate. Kirtland, OH. Oct. 1834–Sept. 1837.

14. [14]

    Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 79.

15. [15]

    [Rigdon], Appeal to the American People, 2nd ed., iii. There is no extant copy of the actual blessing. In 1840 Hyde stated that the blessing was given “something near eight years ago,” suggesting that it occurred sometime around 1832. Hyde was in the eastern United States on a mission from 1 February through 22 December 1832. Accordingly, if the blessing was given in that year, it occurred either in January or in late December. (Hyde, Journal, Feb.–Dec. 1832.)

    Hyde, Orson. Journal, Feb. 1832–Mar. 1833. CHL. MS 1386.

16. [16]

    Minutes, Discourse, and Blessings, 14–15 Feb. 1835.

17. [17]

    [Rigdon], Appeal to the American People, 2nd ed., iv.

18. [18]

    See, for example, Recommendation for Edward Partridge and Isaac Morley, 1 June 1835; Recommendation for Lyman Wight, 4 Apr. 1836; and Recommendation for Oliver Granger, 1 Nov. 1839.

19. [19]

    Orson Hyde, Notice, Times and Seasons, Apr. 1840, 1:87. The certificate was also reprinted in two pamphlets. ([Rigdon], Appeal to the American People, 2nd ed., v–vi; Hyde, Voice from Jerusalem, iv–v.)

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    Hyde, Orson. A Voice from Jerusalem, or a Sketch of the Travels and Ministry of Elder Orson Hyde, Missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, to Germany, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. Liverpool: P. P. Pratt, 1842.

20. [20]

    Hyde, Voice from Jerusalem, v.

    Hyde, Orson. A Voice from Jerusalem, or a Sketch of the Travels and Ministry of Elder Orson Hyde, Missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, to Germany, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. Liverpool: P. P. Pratt, 1842.

21. [21]

    [Rigdon], Appeal to the American People, 2nd ed., iv.

22. [22]

    “Letter from Elder O. Hyde,” Times and Seasons, 1 Oct. 1841, 2:551–254; Hyde, Voice from Jerusalem, 7–11. Hyde met with a rabbi in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, but language barriers prohibited any real interchange between the two. (“Letter from Elder Hyde,” Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1841, 2:570–573.)

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

    Hyde, Orson. A Voice from Jerusalem, or a Sketch of the Travels and Ministry of Elder Orson Hyde, Missionary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, to Germany, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. Liverpool: P. P. Pratt, 1842.