Footnotes
Bruce, National Road, 11.
Bruce, Robert. The National Road: Most Historic oroughfare in the United States, and Strategic Eastern Link in the National Old Trails Ocean-to-Ocean Highway. Washington DC: National Highways Association, 1916.
Kimball, “Journal and Record,” 10; Woodruff, Journal, 1 May 1834; Radke, “We Also Marched,” 149. George A. Smith later remembered that Parley P. Pratt and Amasa Lyman were sent to a branch of the church at Eugene, Indiana; they returned on 26 May with “a company and some additional funds.” Pratt himself recalled that he “was chiefly engaged as a recruiting officer,” calling on branches of the church in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri for “men and means.” (George A. Smith, Autobiography, 20; Pratt, Autobiography, 122.)
Kimball, Heber C. “The Journal and Record of Heber Chase Kimball an Apostle of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” ca. 1842–1858. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 1.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
Radke, Andrea G. “We Also Marched: The Women and Children of Zion’s Camp, 1834.” BYU Studies 39 (2000): 147–165.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
Pratt, Parley P. The Autobiography of Parley Parker Pratt, One of the Twelve Apostles of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Embracing His Life, Ministry and Travels, with Extracts, in Prose and Verse, from His Miscellaneous Writings. Edited by Parley P. Pratt Jr. New York: Russell Brothers, 1874.
“Mormonism,” Huron Reflector (Norwalk, OH), 20 May 1834, [2].
Huron Reflector. Norwalk, OH. 1830–1852.
“Mormonites,” Richmond (IN) Palladium, 24 May 1834, [3].
Richmond Palladium. Richmond, IN. 1831–1837.
Report, Sangamo Journal (Springfield, IL), 7 June 1834, [2].
Sangamo Journal. Springfield, IL. 1831–1847.
“Elder Kimball’s Journal,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1845, 6:773; “Extracts from H. C. Kimball’s Journal,” Times and Seasons, 1 Feb. 1845, 6:788.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
Noble and Noble, Reminiscences, [7].
Noble, Joseph B., and Mary Adeline Beman Noble. Reminiscences, ca. 1836. CHL. MS 1031, fd. 1.
George A. Smith, Autobiography, 19.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
George A. Smith, Autobiography, 26–27. George A. Smith also remembered an incident on 3 June in which some of the expedition’s members angrily hurled partially rotting ham at JS’s tent door, declaring, “We don’t eat dirty, stinking meat.”
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
Kimball, “Journal and Record,” 8.
Kimball, Heber C. “The Journal and Record of Heber Chase Kimball an Apostle of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,” ca. 1842–1858. Heber C. Kimball, Papers, 1837–1866. CHL. MS 627, box 1.
George A. Smith, Autobiography, 15.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
Register of Officers and Agents, 161 (second numbering); “Extracts from H. C. Kimball’s Journal,” Times and Seasons, 1 Feb. 1845, 6:788.
A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States, on the Thirtieth Day of September, 1817; Together with the Names, Force, and Condition, of all the Ships and Vessels Belonging to the United States, and When and Where Built. Prepared at the Department of State, In Pursuance of a Resolution of Congress, of the 27th of April, 1816. Washington DC: E. De Krafft, 1818.A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States, on the 30th of September, 1829; together with the Names, Force, and Condition, of All the Ships and Vessels Belonging to the United States, and When and Where Built. Washington DC: William A. Davis, 1830.A Register of Officers and Agents, Civil, Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States, on the 30th of September, 1831; together with the Names, Force, and Condition, of All the Ships and Vessels Belonging to the United States, and When and Where Built. Washington DC: William A. Davis, 1831.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
A medical guide published in 1835 similarly stated that adults contracted the mumps through exposure to cold. (Gregory, Elements of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, 215–216.)
Gregory, George. Elements of the Theory and Practice of Physic, Designed for the Use of Students. New York: M. Sherman, 1830.
The “bro Foster” referred to here is probably Solon Foster, who lived in Warsaw, Genesee County, New York, although a James Foster also participated in the expedition. (Account with the Church of Christ, ca. 11–29 Aug. 1834; Backman, Profile, 93; Solon Foster, Warsaw, NY, to Julius Foster, Clinton, NY, 25 Mar. 1833, Foster Family Correspondence, CHL.)
Backman, Milton V., Jr., comp. A Profile of Latter-day Saints of Kirtland, Ohio, and Members of Zion’s Camp, 1830–1839: Vital Statistics and Sources. 2nd ed. Provo, UT: Department of Church History and Doctrine and Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1983.
Foster Family Correspondence, 1833–1922. CHL. MS 6177.
JS’s lameness may have been an effect of an 1813 bone infection in his lower left leg and the subsequent surgery to treat it. (See Wirthlin, “Joseph Smith’s Boyhood Operation,” 131–154.)
Wirthlin, LeRoy S. “Joseph Smith’s Boyhood Operation: An 1813 Surgical Success.” BYU Studies 21, no. 2 (Spring 1981): 131–154.
On the night of 24–25 March 1832, JS was tarred and feathered by a mob in Hiram, Ohio. That attack, he noted in an 1835 letter to his brother William, “wounded . . . my side,” an affliction that apparently troubled him periodically thereafter. (JS History, vol. A-1, 205–207; Letter to William Smith, 18 or 19 Dec. 1835.)
JS History / Smith, Joseph, et al. History, 1838–1856. Vols. A-1–F-1 (original), A-2–E-2 (fair copy). Historian’s Office, History of the Church, 1839–ca. 1882. CHL. CR 100 102, boxes 1–7. The history for the period after 5 Aug. 1838 was composed after the death of Joseph Smith.
“Wren” may have been a transcription error by James Mulholland. The only “Addison” listed as part of the Missouri expedition was Addison Green, who was fourteen years old at the time (he turned fifteen on 12 June). (Account with the Church of Christ, ca. 11–29 Aug. 1834; Backman, Profile, 30; see also Bradley, Zion’s Camp 1834, 268–275.)
Backman, Milton V., Jr., comp. A Profile of Latter-day Saints of Kirtland, Ohio, and Members of Zion’s Camp, 1830–1839: Vital Statistics and Sources. 2nd ed. Provo, UT: Department of Church History and Doctrine and Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1983.
Bradley, James L. Zion’s Camp 1834: Prelude to the Civil War. Logan, UT: By the author, 1990.
George A. Smith later recollected that at the beginning of the journey, “My eyes which were always very weak were inflamed.” (George A. Smith, Autobiography, 14.)
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
It is possible that this was supposed to say “but they are falling in daily,” but the “in” was inadvertently left out. No records indicating desertions or other loss of men have been located; instead, records highlight increases in the expedition’s numbers.
By “enemies”—the number of which may have been exaggerated—JS may have been referring to the men waiting for them in Jackson County. Other individuals also closely followed the Camp of Israel and periodically threatened them on their journey. To acquire more intelligence on these individuals, Frederick G. Williams was sent “forward” from the camp one morning “to select a camp ground” close to Jacksonville, Illinois, and to “watch the movements of our enemies.” (“Extracts from H. C. Kimball’s Journal,” Times and Seasons, 1 Feb. 1845, 6:787–788; George A. Smith, Autobiography, 22–23.)
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
George A. Smith made several references to spies in his account of the expedition. On Tuesday, 20 May, he related, three men came into camp asking questions. “These same spies who had come from the West, passed us several times that day and the next, changing their horses and clothes and disguising themselves in various ways, yet we knew them.” On Sunday, 25 May, “a ruffianly looking fellow came into Camp professing to be drunk, but Joseph recognized him to be a man he had seen in Jackson Co. Mo.” On Friday, 30 May, “the Spies that had followed us so long, watched us very closely, changing their dress and horses several times a day.” George A. Smith also noted that “as we were aware of Spies being around us who sought to Kill Joseph Smith we called him Squire Cook.” (George A. Smith, Autobiography, 18–19, 22, 26, underlining in original.)
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.
A circular letter sent by Sidney Rigdon and Oliver Cowdery to church branches on 10 May 1834 counseled those outside of Zion to “dispose of their property, (such as they cannot carry,) and gather in upon the consecrated land” in Missouri. “The Lord has said,” the letter continued, “that there was abundant means in his church to establish the places where he had appointed his [the Saints] to gether.” (Sidney Rigdon and Oliver Cowdery, Kirtland, OH, to “Dear Brethren,” 10 May 1834, in Cowdery, Letterbook, 50.)
Cowdery, Oliver. Letterbook, 1833–1838. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.
An August 1831 revelation similarly counseled the Saints traveling to Missouri to “do like unto the children of Israel pitching their tents by the way.” (Revelation, 12 Aug. 1831 [D&C 61:25].)
The “Articles and Covenants” of the church did not specifically contain an injunction about Sabbath observance. An August 1831 revelation, however, instructed the Saints in proper Sabbath observance. (Articles and Covenants, ca. Apr. 1830 [D&C 20:75]; Revelation, 7 Aug. 1831 [D&C 59:9–13].)
A shilling was an English silver coin valued at 1/20 of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. According to Webster’s 1828 dictionary, it was equivalent to almost twenty-two cents in United States currency; by 1828, its value in states such as New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia had depreciated significantly. In New York, a Spanish coin worth twelve and a half cents was also called a shilling. George A. Smith later recollected that the group purchased honey in Atlas, Illinois, for twenty-five cents a gallon. (“Shilling,” in American Dictionary; George A. Smith, Autobiography, 27.)
An American Dictionary of the English Language: Intended to Exhibit, I. the Origin, Affinities and Primary Signification of English Words, as far as They Have Been Ascertained. . . . Edited by Noah Webster. New York: S. Converse, 1828.
Smith, George A. Autobiography, ca. 1860–1882. George Albert Smith, Papers, 1834–1877. CHL. MS 1322, box 1, fd. 2.