Footnotes
Volume 2 is nearly identical to the 1845 minute book of Nauvoo’s Mercantile and Mechanical Association, kept by Hosea Stout. They are the same shape and size, with the same red leather bindings and even the same tooling on the covers and spines. (Mercantile and Mechanical Association of Nauvoo Minute Book, Jan.–Mar. 1845, CHL.)
Mercantile and Mechanical Association of Nauvoo Minute Book, Jan.–Mar. 1845. CHL.
Minutes, 5 Apr. 1882, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1845–1883, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1845–1883. CHL.
Minutes, 24 June 1882, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Franklin D. Richards, Journal, 20 Mar. 1884.
Richards, Franklin D. Journals, 1844–1899. Richards Family Collection, 1837–1961. CHL. MS 1215, boxes 1–5.
Van Orden, “Close to the Seat of Authority,” 16–18.
Van Orden, Bruce A. “Close to the Seat of Authority: Secretaries and Clerks in the Office of the President of the LDS Church, 1870–1900.” Unpublished paper. Salt Lake City, 1988. Copy at CHL.
Minutes, 23 Jan. 1867, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1845–1883, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1845–1883. CHL.
The pagination is as follows: volume 1: title page, 1–93, 93–156, 147–310, 309–372; volume 2: title page, 1–68, [69]–[70], 69–76, [77]–[78], 77–78, [79]–[80], 79–96, 96½, [?], 97–108, [109]–[110], 109–140, [141]–[142], 141–152, 152½, 152¾, 153–170, 170½, 170¾, 171–184, [185]–[186], 185–186, [187]–[188], 187–188, 188½, 188¾, 189–212, [213]–[214], 213–238, [239]–[240], 239–352, [note on verso of back flyleaf]; volume 3: title page, [1], 2–113.
See, for example, page [260] in volume 1.
Clayton, Journal, 13 Mar. 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 22 June 1844; see also Clayton, Journal, 3 July 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 18 Aug. 1844; 6 Sept. 1844; 6, 11, and 12 Feb. 1845; 6, 7, 12–15, 17, 19–20, 24, and 27 Mar. 1845; 1–2, 16, 17, 21, 22, 24, and 28 Apr. 1845; 11 and 30 Sept. 1845; 5 Oct. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 5 Oct. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
See Clayton, Journal, Apr. 1845–Jan. 1846.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
See “Schedule of Church Records. Nauvoo 1846,” Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL; see also “Inventory. Historian’s Office. 4th April 1855,” Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL.
Historian’s Office. Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904. CHL. CR 100 130.
Clayton, Diary, 14 Apr. 1847.
Clayton, William. Diary, Jan.–Dec. 1847. CHL.
Woodruff, Journal, 26 Nov. 1857; see also Woodruff, Journal, 27 Nov. and 18 Dec. 1857; Historian’s Office, Brigham Young History Drafts, 1–100; and “History of Brigham Young,” published serially in the Salt Lake City Deseret News from 17 Jan. to 24 Mar. 1858.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
Historian’s Office. Brigham Young History Drafts, 1856–1858. CHL. CR 100 475, box 1, fd. 5.
Deseret News. Salt Lake City. 1850–.
“Historian’s Office Catalogue Book March 1858,” [25]; “Contents of the Historian and Recorder’s Office. G. S. L. City July 1858,” 5; “March 24, 1859 Books Deposited,” Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL.
Historian’s Office. Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904. CHL. CR 100 130.
Woodruff, Journal, 26 Feb. 1862; “Historian’s Office Catalogue Book March 1858,” [25], Historian’s Office, Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904, CHL; Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Thomas Bullock, 25 Feb. 1862, Brigham Young Office Files, CHL.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
Historian’s Office. Catalogs and Inventories, 1846–1904. CHL. CR 100 130.
Brigham Young Office Files, 1832–1878. CHL. CR 1234 1.
JS History, 1838–1856, Index, Apr. 1845.
JS History / Smith, Joseph, et al. History, 1838–1856. Vols. A-1–F-1 (original), A-2–E-2 (fair copy). Historian’s Office, History of the Church, 1839–ca. 1882. CHL. CR 100 102, boxes 1–7. The history for the period after 5 Aug. 1838 was composed after the death of Joseph Smith.
Minutes, 23 Jan. 1867, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1845–1883, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1845–1883. CHL.
Franklin D. Richards, Journal, 3 Mar. 1880.
Richards, Franklin D. Journals, 1844–1899. Richards Family Collection, 1837–1961. CHL. MS 1215, boxes 1–5.
L. John Nuttall, Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to George Q. Cannon, Washington DC, 3 Mar. 1880, in Letterbook 1, p. 168, L. John Nuttall Papers, BYU; “Diary of L. John Nuttall,” 14 June 1879; Franklin D. Richards, Journal, 16 Mar. 1880.
L. John Nuttall. Papers, 1857–1904. BYU.
“Diary of L. John Nuttall, (1834–1905) Dec. 1876–Mar. 1884.” Typescript, 1948. CHL.
Richards, Franklin D. Journals, 1844–1899. Richards Family Collection, 1837–1961. CHL. MS 1215, boxes 1–5.
“Diary of L. John Nuttall,” 29 Mar. 1880.
“Diary of L. John Nuttall, (1834–1905) Dec. 1876–Mar. 1884.” Typescript, 1948. CHL.
Franklin D. Richards, Journal, 20 Mar. 1884.
Richards, Franklin D. Journals, 1844–1899. Richards Family Collection, 1837–1961. CHL. MS 1215, boxes 1–5.
See Minutes, 4 Feb. 1885, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Correspondence, 13 Oct. 2014, in Case File for Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL; see also “Elder Joseph Anderson Eulogized,” 105.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
“Elder Joseph Anderson Eulogized.” Ensign, May 1992, 105.
Grant, Journal, 3 Jan. 1932. Much of this custodial history is taken from Andrew F. Ehat to Bruce R. McConkie, “Verification of the ‘Last Charge’ by Reference to the Original Records of the ‘Kingdom of God,’” Appendix E: “A Chronology of the Records of the Kingdom of God”; and Ehat, “Joseph Smith’s Council of Fifty: Quest for Empire or Quest for Refuge?”
Grant, Heber J. Journal. Heber J. Grant, Collection, 1852–1945. CHL.
Ehat, Andrew F. “A Chronology of the Records of the Kingdom of God.” Unpublished paper. Copy in editors’ possession.
Ehat, Andrew F. “Joseph Smith’s Council of Fifty: Quest for Empire or Quest for Refuge?” Unpublished paper. 7 Apr. 1980. Copy in editors’ possession.
On 17 March 1981 the First Presidency met with Elder Gordon B. Hinckley, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and others to discuss the purported JS blessing to his son Joseph Smith III—which turned out to be a Mark Hofmann forgery. The First Presidency granted Elder Hinckley access to records in their vault that might shed light on the document. Later that day, the First Presidency’s secretary lent the Nauvoo Council of Fifty record to Elder Hinckley. (Turley, Victims, 52–53, 349; Francis M. Gibbons to Gordon B. Hinckley, 17 Mar. 1981, in Case File for Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL; see also Arrington, Diary, 17 and 23 Mar. 1981.)
Turley, Richard E., Jr. Victims: The LDS Church and the Mark Hofmann Case. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Arrington, Leonard J. Diary, Nov. 1980–Apr. 1981. Leonard J. Arrington, Papers, 1839–1999. Special Collections and Archives, Merrill-Cazier Library, Utah State University, Logan.
Letter of Transfer, Salt Lake City, UT, 15 Nov. 2010, CHL.
Letter of Transfer, Salt Lake City, UT, 15 Nov. 2010. CHL.
Footnotes
See Minute Book 1; Minute Book 2; Nauvoo High Council Minutes; and Nauvoo City Council Minute Book.
Nauvoo High Council Minutes, 1839–1845. CHL. LR 3102 22.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10 Mar. 1844.
Clayton, Journal, 13 Mar. 1844. According to Clayton’s journal, Richards’s appointment was not made until 13 March 1844; however, Clayton’s reconstructed minutes in the Council of Fifty record book date the appointment to 11 March, when the council was formally organized. (Council of Fifty, “Record,” 11 Mar. 1844.)
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
See, for example, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Minutes, 31 Aug. 1841; and the two 10 March 1844 letters from the Wisconsin pinery, which were addressed to Richards as “clerk” of the Quorum of the Twelve. (Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10 Mar. 1844.)
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Minutes, 1840–1844. CHL.
JS, Journal, 30 July 1843; Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 12 Aug. 1843, 186; JS, Journal, 13 Dec. 1841.
JS, Journal, 21 Dec. 1842. In the Council of Fifty, Richards was almost invariably chosen for the committees responsible for drafting documents on behalf of the council and regularly signed or countersigned letters from the council as “clerk” or “secretary.” (See, for example, Council of Fifty, “Record,” 13 May 1844 and 27 Feb. 1845.)
Allen, No Toil nor Labor Fear, 1; Clayton, History of the Nauvoo Temple, 18, 30–31; see also JS, Journal, 29 June 1842.
Allen, James B. No Toil nor Labor Fear: The Story of William Clayton. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2002.
Clayton, William. History of the Nauvoo Temple, ca. 1845. CHL. MS 3365.
Nauvoo City Council Minute Book, 9 Sept. 1842, 101; Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book, 10 Nov. 1842.
Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book. / “Record of Na[u]voo Lodge Under Dispensation,” 1842–1846. CHL. MS 3436
See, for example, Historian’s Office, General Church Minutes, 6–7 Apr. and 3–5 July 1843.
See, for example, Minutes, 6 Apr. 1838, in Elders’ Journal, July 1838, 47; and Minute Book 1, 17 Sept. 1837.
“Rules of Order of the City Council,” 22 Jan. 1842, Nauvoo, IL, Records, CHL.
Nauvoo, IL. Records, 1841–1845. CHL. MS 16800.
See, for example, Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4, 11, and 18 Mar. 1845; 13 Jan. 1846.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 11 Apr. 1845.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 14 Mar. 1844.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 1, 4, 11, and 18 Mar. 1845.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 5 Apr. 1844; 3, 6, and 13 May 1844.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 27 Feb. 1845; Council of Fifty, Minutes, 27 Feb. 1845.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Mar. 1845; see also Council of Fifty, “Record,” 13 May 1844.
See Minutes, 25–26 Dec. 1846, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Compare, for example, Clayton’s rough minutes with his fair minutes for 3 March 1849 in Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 13 Jan. 1846; Council of Fifty, Minutes, [13 Jan. 1846], CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 22–23 June 1844; Events of June 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Feb. 1845; Almon Babbitt, Macedonia, IL, to JS et al., Nauvoo, IL, 5 May 1844, Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 3 July 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 15 Aug. 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 18 Aug. and 6 Sept. 1844.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton’s reconstructed record of council meetings for 10 to 14 March appears to be heavily dependent on his journal entries for those days. In some entries, text from his journal was copied verbatim or paraphrased, while meetings of the council that Clayton did not record in his journal were not captured in the record book. Clayton may have been referring to his composition of these entries when he wrote on 20 September that he spent part of the day “writing minutes of Council of fifty.” By contrast, his journal entries of 18 August and 6 September, which apparently corresponded with his transcribing of the letters from Miller and Wight, instead note that he was “copying” the record—as do so many later journal entries that correspond with his copying of minutes. (Clayton, Journal, 10–14 Mar. 1844; 18 Aug. 1844; 6 and 20 Sept. 1844, italics added; Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10–14 Mar. 1844.)
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
See, for example, Council of Fifty, “Record,” 11 and 14 Mar. 1844.
Clayton, Journal, 6, 11, and 12 Feb. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 1 Mar. 1845.
Although the rough and fair copies of Clayton’s Utah-era minutes survive, the fair copies are still not as polished as the Nauvoo-era record and contain clerical marks suggesting that they served as an intermediary copy between the rough minutes and a nonextant record book copy. (See, for example, Clayton’s rough and fair minutes for 3 March 1849 in Council of Fifty, Papers, 1844–1885, CHL.)
Council of Fifty. Papers, 1844–1885. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 6–7, 12–15, 17, 19–20, 24, and 27–28 Mar. 1845; 1–2, 16–17, 21–22, 24, and 28 Apr. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 10 Mar. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Journal, 17 Apr. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton did not record spending any days copying minutes during this period. When he copied the 10 May 1845 minutes he listed George D. Grant as present, possibly anachronistically since Grant did not join the council until 8 September. The inclusion of Grant in the 10 May minutes suggests that the minutes may have been copied into the record book sometime after Grant joined the council. (Council of Fifty, “Record,” 10 May 1845.)
Clayton, Journal, 11 and 30 Sept. 1845; 5 Oct. 1845.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
On 5 October, Clayton recorded filling “43 pages of a small record like this [his journal].” The 4 October minutes in the record book cover forty-three pages. (Clayton, Journal, 5 Oct. 1845; Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Oct. 1845.)
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
The two 1845–1846 exceptions are the impromptu 27 February 1845 meeting of the Twelve and other council members, which Clayton did not attend, and the 13 January 1846 meeting, which was attended by the council and the captains of the emigrating companies. (Council of Fifty, “Record,” 27 Feb. 1845 and 13 Jan. 1846.)
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Feb. 1845.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Mar. 1845.
Council of Fifty, “Record,” 11 and 18 Mar. 1845.
Clayton, Diary, 14 Apr. 1847; see also Source Note for Council of Fifty, “Record.”
Clayton, William. Diary, Jan.–Dec. 1847. CHL.
See, for example, Kimball, Journal, Dec. 1845–Jan. 1846; Clayton, Journal, 10 Dec. 1845; 21–23 and 25 Jan. 1846; and Council of Fifty, Minutes, 19 Jan. 1846.
Kimball, Heber C. Journal, Nov. 1845–Jan. 1846. CHL.
Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.
Clayton, Diary, 27 Feb. 1846.
Clayton, William. Diary, Jan.–Nov. 1846. CHL.
The long-standing practice of extinguishing Indian land claims in the East and compelling the Indians to move to newly granted lands in the West had been codified with the Indian Removal Act of 1830. (An Act to Provide for an Exchange of Lands with the Indians Residing in Any of the States or Territories, and for Their Removal West of the River Mississippi [28 May 1830], Public Statutes at Large, 21st Cong., 1st Sess., chap. 148, pp. 411–412.)
The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. . . . Edited by Richard Peters. 8 vols. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1846–1867.
Unlike George Miller, JS remained committed to building the temple as commanded in the 19 January 1841 revelation. Nevertheless, he and other church leaders were frustrated by the lack of progress on construction of the Nauvoo temple and the Nauvoo House, both of which were hampered with chronic shortages of capital and supplies. Lyman Wight later stated that he interpreted JS’s October 1841 declaration that “there shall be no more baptisms for the dead, until the ordinance can be attended to in the font of the Lord’s House” to mean that “the time for building the temple had passed by, and both we and our dead were rejected together.” To exacerbate the problem, the Nauvoo House Association and the temple committee frequently disagreed on how best to use the available resources. After accompanying a raft of lumber to Nauvoo in 1843, Miller discovered that lumber they had earlier supplied for the temple and the Nauvoo House was instead being used to construct houses for the workmen. JS counseled patience to Miller and others and often insisted that work go forward on both structures. In February 1843 he stated, “The building of N[auvoo] House is just as sacred in my view as the Temple. . . . When men have done what they can or will for the temple. let them do what they can for the Nauvoo House.” Yet by March 1844, just days before Miller arrived with the letters from the pinery, JS had decided to temporarily halt construction on the Nauvoo House so that supplies and manpower could be concentrated on completing the temple. (Revelation, 19 Jan. 1841, in Doctrine and Covenants [103]:17, 1844 ed. [D&C 124:55]; “Minutes of a Conference,” Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1841, 2:578; History of the Reorganized Church, 2:790; George Miller, St. James, MI, to “Dear Brother,” 27 June 1855, in Northern Islander, 23 Aug. 1855, [1]–[2]; JS, Journal, 19 Apr. 1843; JS, Journal, 4 Mar. 1844; see also JS, Journal, 21 Feb. and 6 Apr. 1843.)
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
The History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. 8 vols. Independence, MO: Herald Publishing House, 1896–1976.
Northern Islander. St. James, MI. 1850–1856.
Both George Miller and Lyman Wight were aware of the success of recent Mormon proselytizing efforts in the South. In early 1842 Wight spent nearly three months on a mission in southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana. When he returned to Nauvoo he was accompanied by almost one hundred converts from Mississippi. Two months later Wight returned to Tennessee and Kentucky with Amasa Lyman, where they preached until early August. On 27 October 1843, just a few months before these letters were written, JS conversed with Miller and Peter Haws, “who have just retur[ne]d from the south.” Though no record clarifies Miller’s assignment, Haws and other missionaries in Alabama and Mississippi had recently converted many southerners. (Lyman Wight, Mountain Valley, TX, to Wilford Woodruff, [Salt Lake City, Utah Territory], 24 Aug. 1857, p. 11, Historian’s Office, Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861, CHL; “Emigration,” Wasp, 16 Apr. 1842, [2]; Lyman, Journal, 11 May–24 June 1842; JS, Journal, 27 Oct. 1843; Historian’s Office, JS History, Draft Notes, 27 Oct. 1843; Brown, Reminiscences and Journal, bk. A, 9–27.)
Historian’s Office. Histories of the Twelve, 1856–1858, 1861. CHL. CR 100 93.
The Wasp. Nauvoo, IL. Apr. 1842–Apr. 1843.
Lyman, Amasa. Journals, 1832–1877. Amasa Lyman Collection, 1832–1877. CHL. MS 829, boxes 1–3.
Brown, John. Reminiscences and Journals, 1843–1896. CHL. MS 1636.
Possibly the expansive elevated flatlands bounded by the Pecos River and the Colorado River of Texas that were named the Edwards Plateau later in the century. In the second of the two letters from the Saints in Wisconsin, Lyman Wight designated the Colorado River as the site for their contemplated resettlement. Later, when Wight independently carried out the Texas migration plan, he briefly settled on the Colorado River near Austin and then moved to a site on the Pedernales—a tributary of the Colorado that reaches into the Edwards Plateau. (E. H. Johnson, “Edwards Plateau,” in New Handbook of Texas, 2:802–803; Hill, “Notes on the Texas-New Mexican Region,” 90; Johnson, Polygamy on the Pedernales, 59–60, 65–67; Huser, Rivers of Texas, 63.)
The New Handbook of Texas. Edited by Ron Tyler, Douglas E. Barnett, Roy R. Barkley, Penelope C. Anderson, and Mark F. Odintz. 6 vols. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1996.
Hill, Robert T. “Notes on the Texas-New Mexican Region.” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 3 (1892): 85–100.
Johnson, Melvin C. Polygamy on the Pedernales: Lyman Wight’s Mormon Villages in Antebellum Texas, 1845–1858. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2006.
Huser, Verne. Rivers of Texas. Louise Lindsey Merrick Natural Environment Series 32. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000.
An 1831 JS revelation declared “the land of Missorie” to be the “land of Zion.” It was not specified whether “land of Missorie” referred to the state of Missouri or something else. As the Missouri River was the principal tributary on the west side of the Mississippi River, “the land of Missorie” may even have represented the western half of the greater Mississippi River watershed. In 1832 an article in the church’s Missouri newspaper declared all the land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains to be “the land of Zion” and “the centre of America.” While Nauvoo was on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, it lay within ten miles of the northeastern corner of the state of Missouri, and a revelation designated Nauvoo a “corner-stone of Zion.” Lying between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, Texas was a geographically appropriate place to suggest establishing a center of gathering for converts from the southern states. (Revelation, 20 July 1831 [D&C 57:1]; “The Far West,” The Evening and the Morning Star, Oct. 1832, [5]; Revelation, 19 Jan. 1841, in Doctrine and Covenants [103]:1, 1844 ed. [D&C 124:2]; see also Ashurst-McGee, “Zion Rising,” chaps. 5–6; and Addams, “Establishment and Redemption of Zion,” 1–33.)
Evening and Morning Star. Edited reprint of The Evening and the Morning Star. Kirtland, OH. Jan. 1835–Oct. 1836.
Ashurst-McGee, Mark. “Zion Rising: Joseph Smith’s Early Social and Political Thought.” PhD diss., Arizona State University, 2008.
Addams, R. Jean. “The Establishment and Redemption of Zion.” John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 34, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 2014): 1–33.
Miller was aware that some recent Mormon converts from the South were slaveholders. (See McQuilkin, “Journey of Faith,” 24–34.)
McQuilkin, Carol Ann. “Journey of Faith: Mid-Nineteenth Century Migration of Mississippi Mormons and Slaves.” Master’s thesis, California State University, Fullerton, 1995.