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  2. Documents, Volume 12, Part 4 Introduction: June–July 1843

Part 4: June–July 1843

During June and July 1843, JS continued to lead the Saints even as he contended with an attempt by and state officials to extradite him to stand trial in Missouri for allegedly committing treason during the 1838 conflict between Latter-day Saints and their opponents in that state. Documents from June and July show that JS performed routine ecclesiastical and civil responsibilities, delivered significant doctrinal discourses, and dictated a lengthy revelation on eternal and plural marriage. He also participated in multiple legal actions resulting from the extradition attempt.
JS's civic and financial responsibilities demanded much of his attention during these months. As mayor of , Illinois, he attended city council meetings and signed a city ordinance that gave him sole authorization to operate a ferry near Nauvoo on the . Managing land transactions in the city was a particularly pressing issue. Most significantly, on 7 July 1843 land speculators and renegotiated the terms of an 1839 agreement in which the purchased on credit approximately four hundred acres of land on the peninsula, the area that became Nauvoo. The renegotiated agreement allowed the church to retain fifty city lots, amounting to forty-seven acres—located primarily to the west of the church’s unfinished —while returning the rights to the remaining property to the land speculators.
Ecclesiastical concerns also required JS’s time. In early June, he signed two significant authorizations. The first authorized to raise funds for a mission to Russia, while the second permitted to collect donations in the eastern for the and the . Church members such as conveyed donations to JS, the church’s trustee-in-trust, for the ongoing construction of the Nauvoo temple. In addition, JS received correspondence dealing with subjects such as political candidates and the purported discovery of ancient metal plates near Kinderhook, Illinois. He was also invited to submit a short history of the church for publication.
JS focused considerable attention in these months on instructing the Saints. He delivered several discourses on a variety of subjects, including the construction of the , his 1820 vision of Deity, and the nature of the . He also expanded the doctrinal and textual foundations of eternal and plural marriage. Although he had previously introduced the practice of plural marriage to a small group of female and male confidants, a revelation he dictated on 12 July 1843 provided the most detailed explication of the subject recorded during his lifetime. Four days later, JS delivered his first public discourse on the eternal nature of marital unions sealed by priesthood authority.
During late June and early July 1843, JS was preoccupied with his efforts to extricate himself from the most recent extradition attempt by officials, the third since he relocated to four years earlier. The first attempt occurred in 1840–1841 and was based on a treason charge stemming from the 1838 conflict. In June 1841, JS appeared before Illinois judge on a writ of , a common law remedy that allowed an authorized court to review the legality of an arrest. Douglas discharged JS, citing a deficiency in the warrant. The second attempt was based on JS’s alleged role in the attempted assassination of former Missouri governor in May 1842. In January 1843, JS appeared on a writ of habeas corpus before the Circuit Court for the District of Illinois. Judge ruled that the documents supporting the extradition were insufficient and discharged JS from arrest.
Following JS’s release, former Latter-day Saint coordinated with his allies in to reinitiate extradition proceedings on the treason charge. Bennett and his collaborators arranged for a grand jury in , Missouri, to again indict JS for treason based on the 1838 evidence, believing that with proper documentation JS would not be able to use the writ of habeas corpus to challenge the extradition. On 5 June 1843, the grand jury returned the new indictment alleging that in October 1838, JS and at least five hundred armed men had assembled in Daviess County and levied “public war” against the state of Missouri, alluding to the definition of treason included in the the Missouri state constitution.
Based on the indictment, governor initiated a third extradition attempt. On 13 June 1843, he prepared a requisition demanding that officials apprehend JS and deliver him to Sheriff of , Missouri. After receiving the requisition, Governor issued a warrant for JS’s arrest on 17 June and gave it to Constable of , Illinois. In mid-June, JS and his family departed to visit ’s sister Elizabeth Hale Wasson in Palestine Grove, near , Illinois. On 23 June 1843, Wilson and Reynolds, who may have been apprised of the trip, approached the Wasson home pretending to be Latter-day Saint missionaries. Wilson apprehended JS in a rough manner and transferred custody to Reynolds. The two lawmen then transported JS to Dixon, where they hoped to acquire fresh horses and quickly convey JS to Missouri.
With the aid of several residents, none of whom were members of the church, JS retained attorneys and . They were subsequently joined by , an attorney and congressional candidate who was campaigning in the area. JS and his attorneys initiated several legal actions designed to hinder the extradition. First, they obtained a writ of habeas corpus that required to present JS before an circuit court judge, who would review the legality of the detention. Next, the attorneys brought multiple charges against the lawmen stemming from their handling of JS’s arrest. Finally, JS and his lawyers brought a civil suit against Reynolds and for false imprisonment and personal injury. JS submitted to the Circuit Court an affidavit recounting his arrest, after which Lee County sheriff James Campbell arrested Reynolds and Wilson and held them in custody until they could secure bail.
On 24 June, JS, his attorneys, his captors, Sheriff Campbell, and a few others departed for Ottawa, Illinois, where they expected to appear before Judge John Caton. The party traveled more than thirty miles to , where they learned that Caton was in . On 25 June, they returned to Dixon, arriving in the late afternoon. They obtained another writ of habeas corpus for JS, which commanded to present JS “before the nearest Judge or Judicial tribunal” in the fifth judicial circuit “authorised to hear and determine upon writs of Habeas Corpus.” JS and his attorneys reportedly decided to appear before circuit court judge in , Illinois, possibly because Young had previously been friendly to JS and the church. Reynolds and , still in Sheriff Campbell’s custody due to JS’s civil suit, also obtained a writ of habeas corpus with the intent to appear before Young to challenge their detention.
The traveling party departed on 26 June. Although was the stated destination, it appears that no one in the party actually intended to go there. and wanted the party to head west to the , where a steamboat was waiting for them, ostensibly to convey them more quickly to Quincy further south on the river. JS and his associates in the party suspected that once on the boat, Reynolds intended to force JS into . JS and his allies instead insisted that the group travel overland in the direction of Quincy. Reynolds later claimed that JS and his allies insisted on the overland route because it would bring them close to and the city’s municipal court, where JS would seek discharge on habeas corpus. JS’s attorney confirmed Reynolds’s suspicion, explaining in July 1843 that prior to the group’s departure from Dixon, “it was the determination of the whole company”—apparently including Sheriff Campbell, who held Reynolds and Wilson in custody—“to go to Nauvoo.” Southwick further claimed that the stagecoach was “chartered to go to Nauvoo.”
The municipal court’s habeas corpus powers caused significant controversy in western during the early 1840s. Church members argued that the charter, which was granted by the Illinois state legislature in 1840, and various city ordinances subsequently passed by the city council granted the court authority to review any warrant, regardless of whether it was issued by federal, state, or city officials. The church’s opponents countered that the legislature had envisioned the municipal court reviewing detentions stemming from alleged violations of city ordinances, not state or federal laws. JS later explained that he had “dictated” to attorney “the laws of Nauvoo” regarding habeas corpus and that Walker “rec[e]ived them on my testimony.” JS claimed that he had “converted” Walker “to the truth of Habeus Corpus.” explained that both he and were also convinced, later stating that the attorneys believed the “jurisdiction of said case was very properly entertained by said court.” Southwick further argued that because “the language of the writ of habeas corpus” obtained in stated that the writ was returnable before the nearest court with habeas corpus powers within the fifth judicial circuit, the writ gave JS “the right to go before the municipal authority of said city.” later stated that he “did not intend” to allow JS to appear before the Nauvoo Municipal Court, which in his view “had no legal power to interfere in the matter at all.”
After the party passed through Geneseo, Illinois, on 27 June, a small group of scouts intercepted JS’s group. The scouts were among approximately two hundred legion soldiers who began departing on 25 June to search for JS and to rescue him if his captors sought to convey him out of the without due process. Over the next few days, dozens of legion troops joined the traveling party. Although armed, they evidently kept their weapons hidden; and other citizens who were with the traveling party later claimed that the troops did not have any visible weapons. JS enjoined the troops not to harm and , while JS’s allies in the traveling party pledged that they would not allow JS to escape prior to his appearance before a court on habeas corpus. As the traveling party approached , Illinois, on 28 June, they left the main road that would have taken them to and instead followed the route toward Nauvoo, despite Reynolds’s objections.
As the party approached on 30 June, “an immenes [immense] concourse of people” accompanied by a band met them and escorted the company into the city. JS and hosted and at their home for the midday meal, after which JS petitioned the Nauvoo Municipal Court for a writ of habeas corpus, which was granted. Although Reynolds “refused to recognise the jurisdiction of the court,” he nevertheless wrote on the writ of habeas corpus a notation explaining by what authority he detained JS, effectively transferring custody of JS to the court for the hearing. In the evening, JS addressed the Saints, recounting his arrest and the journey to Nauvoo and defending the Nauvoo Municipal Court’s habeas corpus powers. On 1 July 1843, the municipal court justices heard testimony regarding the extradition and the 1838 conflict in . The court then discharged JS, citing deficiencies in ’s warrant and, “upon the merits of said Case,” essentially acquitting JS from the treason charge.
Following the 1 July 1843 discharge, Sheriff Campbell allowed and to leave and go to , Illinois, the seat of , where they gave bail and were discharged from his custody on the condition that they would appear at the next session of the Circuit Court for JS’s civil suit against them. According to , while in Carthage, the lawmen claimed that JS “had resisted the law and the Mormons had rescued him.” Furthermore, Reynolds and Wilson “had made some excitement & had petitioned the Gov. to send on an armed force to take” JS. In response, church members forwarded a petition to asking him not to take this action and sent missionaries throughout to tell the Saints’ side of the story. JS also spoke publicly on 4 July about his arrest and the history of the Saints’ difficulties with their antagonists in .
Seeking reliable information on the arrest and subsequent events, sent attorney to to investigate the claims made by and . On 7 July, JS recounted his experience in in 1838 and 1839 in an affidavit, which was sent, along with copies of the evidence submitted to the municipal court in the habeas corpus hearing, to Ford on 9 July. At the end of the month, Brayman wrote to inform JS that Ford had decided not to grant Reynolds’s request to send the state militia to arrest JS. JS’s attorney also wrote recounting his efforts to influence public opinion via the press in response to the negative fallout from the claims made by Reynolds and Wilson.
Twenty-five JS documents created in June and July 1843 are reproduced in part 4, including correspondence, accounts of discourses, legal and financial documents, a revelation, and other miscellaneous documents.
  1. 1

    Ordinance, 1 June 1843; see also Letter from James Adams, 8 June 1843.

  2. 2

    See Bond from Smith Tuttle and John Gillet, 7 July 1843.

  3. 3

    Authorization for George J. Adams, ca. 1 June 1843; Authorization for Brigham Young, 1 June 1843.

  4. 4

    See Letter from Joseph L. Heywood, 5 June 1843; and Appointment as Trustee, 2 Feb. 1841.

  5. 5

    See Letter from Daniel McNeil, 21 July 1843; Letter from David Orr, 14 June 1843; and Letter from Clyde, Williams & Co., between ca. 1 and 15 July 1843.

  6. 6

    Discourse, 11 June 1843–A; Discourse, 11 June 1843–B; Discourse, 16 July 1843; Discourse, 23 July 1843; see also Discourse, 9 July 1843; and Discourse, between 11 June and 23 July 1843.

  7. 7

    Revelation, 12 July 1843 [D&C 132]; see also “Joseph Smith Documents from May through August 1842”; and Blessing to Sarah Ann Whitney, 23 Mar. 1843.

  8. 8

    Discourse, 16 July 1843.

  9. 9

    See JS, Journal, 22–23 Apr. 1839; Historical Introduction to Extradition of JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes; and “Habeas Corpus,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 1:454.

    Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Deacon and Peterson, 1854.

  10. 10

    Court Ruling, 5 Jan. 1843; see also “Part 1: March 1843”; and Historical Introduction to Extradition of JS for Accessory to Assault.

  11. 11

    On 5 August 1840, Missouri court officials dismissed the treason indictment against JS that stemmed from the 1838 conflict, as it became clear that he was not going to appear for trial. This dismissal did not function as an acquittal, however, meaning he could be charged again with the same offense. (Boone Co., MO, Circuit Court Record, 1821–1925, vol. C, p. 317, microfilm 981,755, U.S. and Canada Record Collection, FHL; “Nolle Prosequi,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 2:183.)

    U.S. and Canada Record Collection. FHL.

    Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Deacon and Peterson, 1854.

  12. 12

    See John C. Bennett, Springfield, IL, to Sidney Rigdon and Orson Pratt, Nauvoo, IL, 10 Jan. [1843], Sidney Rigdon, Collection, CHL; and Samuel C. Owens, Independence, MO, to Thomas Ford, 10 June 1843, copy, JS Office Papers, CHL.

  13. 13

    Indictment, Daviess Co., MO, [5] June 1843, State of Missouri v. JS for Treason (Daviess Co. Cir. Ct. 1843), Western Americana Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT; Thomas Ford, Springfield, IL, to Mason Brayman, 3 July 1843, Illinois Governor’s Correspondence, 1816–1852, Illinois State Archives, Springfield; see also Historical Introduction to State of Missouri v. Gates et al. for Treason.

    Illinois Governor’s Correspondence, 1816–1852. Illinois State Archives, Springfield.

  14. 14

    Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2]. The requisition is apparently not extant. The power of attorney designating Reynolds as the agent authorized to convey JS to Missouri is featured with JS’s petition to the Nauvoo Municipal Court. (Petition to Nauvoo Municipal Court, 30 June 1843.)

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  15. 15

    The warrant is featured in Petition to Nauvoo Municipal Court, 30 June 1843.

  16. 16

    See JS, Journal, 13 June 1843; and Chase, “Township of Amboy,” 57–58.

    Chase, D. G. “Township of Amboy.” In Recollections of the Pioneers of Lee County, [edited by Seraphina Gardner Smith], 9–157. Dixon, IL: Inez A. Kennedy, 1893.

  17. 17

    See Clayton, Journal, 23 June 1843; and Historical Introduction to Affidavit, 24 June 1843.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  18. 18

    Edward Southwick, St. Louis, MO, 12 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 12 July 1843, [2]; Clayton, Journal, 23 June 1843; JS History, vol. D-1, 1583–1584; see also Discourse, 30 June 1843.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  19. 19

    In answer to a petition from JS, Joseph Chamberlin, the Lee County master in chancery, ordered circuit court clerk Charles Chase to issue the writ of habeas corpus, in accordance with Illinois law. (Clayton, Journal, 23 June 1843; JS History, vol. D-1, 1583–1584; Affidavit, 24 June 1843; see also “Habeas Corpus,” in Bouvier, Law Dictionary, 1:454; An Act to Provide for Issuing Writs of Ne Exeat and Habeas Corpus, and for Other Purposes [11 Feb. 1835], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 145, sec. 2; People v. Town, 4 Ill. [3 Scammon] 19 [Ill. Sup. Ct. 1841]; JS, Journal, 27 Dec. 1842; Kent, Commentaries on American Law, 2:25–31; and Walker, “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism,” 5–8.)

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States of America, and of the Several States of the American Union; With References to the Civil and Other Systems of Foreign Law. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Deacon and Peterson, 1854.

    The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

    Scammon / Scammon, J. Young. Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois. 4 vols. St. Louis: W. J. Gilbert, 1869–1870.

    Kent, James. Commentaries on American Law. Vol. 2. New York: O. Halsted, 1827.

    Walker, Jeffrey N. “Habeas Corpus in Early Nineteenth-Century Mormonism: Joseph Smith’s Legal Bulwark for Personal Freedom.” BYU Studies 52, no. 1 (2013): 4–97.

  20. 20

    The documents for the cases stemming from these charges are apparently not extant. However, both William Clayton and Reynolds summarized the charges. Wilson and Reynolds were charged with committing assault and battery against JS and Latter-day Saint Stephen Markham, who was with JS at the time of the arrest. Wilson was also charged with denying JS the right to a writ of habeas corpus. (Clayton, Journal, 23 June 1843; Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2]; see also JS History, vol. D-1, 1583–1584.)

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  21. 21

    See Affidavit, 24 June 1843.

  22. 22

    JS History, vol. D-1, 1584–1585; “Missouri vs Joseph Smith,” Times and Seasons, 1 July 1843, 4:243; see also Discourse, 4 July 1843.

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

  23. 23

    Shepherd Patrick et al., Affidavit, [Nauvoo, IL], 2 July 1843, JS Office Papers, CHL. The writ of habeas corpus is apparently not extant, but JS’s attorneys alluded to its language in a 2 July 1843 affidavit. Under Illinois law, judges of the state’s supreme and circuit courts were authorized to review the legality of detentions on habeas corpus. In 1841, the Illinois legislature divided the state into nine judicial circuits, each of which covered several counties. Each circuit was presided over by one judge, who held court in county circuit courts in biannual sessions, with times determined by the legislature. In June 1843, the fifth judicial circuit included ten counties—Adams, Brown, Fulton, Hancock, Henderson, Knox, Marquette, McDonough, Schuyler, and Warren—which were clustered along the western border of Illinois. (An Act Regulating the Proceeding on Writs of Habeas Corpus [22 Jan. 1827], Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois, p. 322, sec. 1; An Act to Establish Circuit Courts [23 Feb. 1841], Laws of the State of Illinois [1840–1841], pp. 103–105, 108, secs. 1, 4, 9, 18; An Act to Change the Time of Holding Courts in the Fifth Judicial Circuit [4 Mar. 1843], Laws of the State of Illinois [1842–1843], p. 136, secs. 1, 4; see map of Illinois.)

    The Public and General Statute Laws of the State of Illinois: Containing All the Laws . . . Passed by the Ninth General Assembly, at Their First Session, Commencing December 1, 1834, and Ending February 13, 1835; and at Their Second Session, Commencing December 7, 1835, and Ending January 18, 1836; and Those Passed by the Tenth General Assembly, at Their Session Commencing December 5, 1836, and Ending March 6, 1837; and at Their Special Session, Commencing July 10, and Ending July 22, 1837. . . . Compiled by Jonathan Young Scammon. Chicago: Stephen F. Gale, 1839.

    Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twelfth General Assembly, at Their Session, Began and Held at Springfield, on the Seventh of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty. Springfield, IL: William Walters, 1841.

  24. 24

    “Arrest of Joseph Smith,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 19 July 1843, [2]; Historical Introduction to Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 30 Oct. 1839–27 Jan. 1840. Stephen A. Douglas was previously judge of the fifth judicial circuit, but he resigned his judgeship on 28 June 1843 to run as Illinois’s Democratic candidate for Congress. Although Young was judge of the seventh judicial circuit, he maintained residency in Quincy, which was located within the fifth circuit. (An Act to Establish Circuit Courts [23 Feb. 1841], Laws of the State of Illinois [1840–1841], p. 105, sec. 9; “Stephen A. Douglas,” Illinois State Register [Springfield], 23 June 1843, [2]; Gross and Gross, Index to All the Laws of the State of Illinois, ix; Snyder, “Forgotten Statesmen of Illinois,” 318, 320.)

    Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.

    Laws of the State of Illinois, Passed by the Twelfth General Assembly, at Their Session, Began and Held at Springfield, on the Seventh of December, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Forty. Springfield, IL: William Walters, 1841.

    Illinois State Register. Springfield, IL. 1839–1861.

    Gross, Eugene L., and William L. Gross. An Index to All the Laws of the State of Illinois, Both Public and Private, Which Are Not Printed at Large in Gross’ Statutes of 1869. Springfield, IL: E. L. and W. L. Gross, 1869.

    Snyder, John F. “Forgotten Statemen of Illinois. Hon. Conrad Will.” In Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society for the Year 1905, 350–377. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Historical Library, 1906.

  25. 25

    Reynolds and Wilson obtained their writ of habeas corpus from Lee County court officials, as JS did. (Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2]; [Edward Southwick], “Statement,” Warsaw [IL] Message, Extra, 12 July 1843, [1].)

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

    Warsaw Message. Warsaw, IL. 1843–1844.

  26. 26

    Edward Southwick, St. Louis, MO, 12 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 12 July 1843, [2]; “Arrest of Joseph Smith,” Nauvoo Neighbor, 19 July 1843, [2]; JS History, vol. D-1, 1587–1589.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

    Nauvoo Neighbor. Nauvoo, IL. 1843–1845.

  27. 27

    Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2].

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  28. 28

    [Edward Southwick], “Statement,” Warsaw (IL) Message, Extra, 12 July 1843, [1]; Editorial, 15 July 1843, in Warsaw Message, 12 July 1843, [3]. In JS’s 30 June 1843 discourse, he also implied that the decision to go to Nauvoo rather than Quincy was made before leaving Dixon. (See Discourse, 30 June 1843.)

    Warsaw Message. Warsaw, IL. 1843–1844.

  29. 29

    See Historical Introduction to Discourse, 30 June 1843; and Smith, “Untouchable,” 1–42.

    Smith, Alex D. “Untouchable: Joseph Smith’s Use of the Law as Catalyst for Assassination.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 112, no. 1 (Spring 2019): 8–42.

  30. 30

    JS, Journal, 6 Aug. 1843; Discourse, 30 June 1843.

  31. 31

    Edward Southwick, St. Louis, MO, 12 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 12 July 1843, [2].

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  32. 32

    Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2].

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  33. 33

    JS History, vol. D-1, 1587; Woodruff, Journal, 25 June 1843. Willard Richards wrote in JS’s journal that “about 40” legion troops were part of the traveling party when it entered Nauvoo on 30 June 1843. However, Peter Cownover, one of the soldiers who intercepted the party on 27 June, reported in 1854 that “about 100” troops joined the party “in several little squads” prior to reaching Nauvoo. (JS, Journal, 30 June 1843; Peter Cownover, Statement, [26 Sept. 1854], Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL; see also Clayton, Journal, 30 June 1843; and William McIntire, Statement, 3 Oct. 1854, Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL.)

    Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.

    Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  34. 34

    A version of the affidavit featuring this information can be found in Letter from Edward Southwick, 29 July 1843.

  35. 35

    Discourse, 30 June 1843; [Edward Southwick], “Statement,” Warsaw (IL) Message, Extra, 12 July 1843, [1].

    Warsaw Signal. Warsaw, IL. 1841–1853.

  36. 36

    Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2]; JS History, vol. D-1, 1589.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  37. 37

    JS, Journal, 30 June 1843; Clayton, Journal, 30 June 1843.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

  38. 38

    Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2].

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  39. 39

    Discourse, 30 June 1843.

  40. 40

    Minutes, 1 July 1843, Extradition of JS for Treason (Nauvoo Mun. Ct. 1843), JS Collection, CHL; Docket Entry, ca. 1 July 1843, Extradition of JS for Treason (Nauvoo Mun. Ct. 1843), Nauvoo Municipal Court Docket Book, 55–56, 60–87, 116–150; see also Historical Introduction to Extradition of JS for Treason.

  41. 41

    See Recognizance for Joseph H. Reynolds, [Carthage, IL], 1 July 1843; Recognizance for Harmon T. Wilson, [Carthage, IL], 1 July 1843, JS v. Reynolds and Wilson (Lee Co. Cir. Ct. 1843), microfilm, CHL; and [Edward Southwick], “Statement,” Warsaw (IL) Message, Extra, 12 July 1843, [1].

    Warsaw Signal. Warsaw, IL. 1841–1853.

  42. 42

    Clayton, Journal, 2 July 1843; see also JS, Journal, 2 July 1843; and Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2].

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  43. 43

    Clayton, Journal, 2 July 1843; JS, Journal, 2 July 1843; Discourse, 4 July 1843; see also Joseph H. Reynolds, St. Louis, MO, 10 July 1843, Letter to the Editor, Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald, 10 July 1843, [2].

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.

    Old School Democrat and Saint Louis Herald. St Louis, MO. 1843–1844.

  44. 44

    Thomas Ford, Springfield, IL, to Mason Brayman, 3 July 1843, Illinois Governor’s Correspondence, 1816–1852, Illinois State Archives, Springfield; Affidavit, 7 July 1843.

    Illinois Governor’s Correspondence, 1816–1852. Illinois State Archives, Springfield.

  45. 45

    Letter from Mason Brayman, 29 July 1843.

  46. 46

    Letter from Edward Southwick, 29 July 1843.

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